30 September 2022, Volume 45 Issue 3

    

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The 60th Anniversary Special Issue
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  Prospects and problems of geothermal resources exploitation and utilization in Tianjin

  YANG Ji-long, WANG Da-ming, NIU Wen-chao, XIANG Zhen-qun, LIU Yang, ZHAO Ze-lin, CHENG Xian-yu

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.01

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  Under the background of the full implementation of the national "dual carbon" goal, the high-quality development and utilization of geothermal resources has become more and more important. There is a good endowment of geothermal resources and large-scale development and utilization in Tianjin. However, the utilization of geothermal resources in Tianjin is still extensive and the intensive development model has not been formed. It still needs to comprehensively improve resources exploration, geothermal recharge, dynamic monitoring and scientific management. This paper analyzes the present situation and existing problems of geothermal resources in Tianjin, and also comes up with targeted policies and measures for sustainable exploitation of geothermal resources in a systematic way. It is supposed to strengthen the integrated exploration of shallow geothermal resources with a depth of 6 000 m, ensure the supply of resources and determine the exploitation scheme by zoning and stratification, collaborate to tackle key technologies of geothermal resource recharge, increase the intensity of irrigation and so on. At the same time, it is necessary to improve management and policies by innovativing supervision mechanisms, increase government support by combining "delegating power, delegating regulation and providing services" and open up diversified financing channels. Ultimately, we hope to promote a healthy and orderly integrated development of the geothermal industry in Tianjin.
  
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  Review on the "sea-land-atmosphere" numerical model and its application in coastal zone

  LI Yong, YANG Peng, WEN Ming-zheng, JIANG Xing-yu, TIAN Li-zhu, WANG Fu

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 7-15. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.02

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  As a necessary part of the construction of "sea-land-atmosphere" comprehensive geological survey and observation system for Tianjin and Hebei coastal zone, the numerical model plays an irreplaceable role in the expression and comprehensive research of environmental geological results. This paper discusses many open source numerical models related to "sea-land-atmosphere" in coastal zone. These models are often used in engineering design and scientific research, and have the advantages of easy access, flexible use and easy coupling. Mainly from the perspective of fluid motion (including water and air), the advantages and disadvantages, grid forms, solution methods and application fields of various models are introduced from four aspects, including ocean numerical model, atmosphere numerical model, land numerical model and coupled numerical model. The application examples of the models in engineering design and scientific research are elaborated, and the development direction of the coupling model in the future is analyzed.
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  Grain size and distribution characteristics of sediments in Xiangyun Island, Laoting county, Hebei province

  WEN Ming-zheng, ZHANG Yun-ling, LI Yong, YANG Peng, TIAN Li-zhu, SHANG Zhi-wen, HU Yun-zhuang, WANG FU

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 16-21. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.03

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  Based on the grain size analysis of the surface sediments in Xiangyun Island, this paper described the grain size and distribution characteristics of sediments in the study area. The sedimentary dynamic conditions in the study area are calculated and analyzed combined with the field measured hydrodynamic data. The results show that: the surface sediments of Xiangyun island are mainly divided into four types: Sandy Silt (st), silty sand (TS), silt (T) and sand (s). The median grain size of surface sediments gradually coarsens from northeast to southwest along the direction parallel to the shoreline of Xiangyun Island, and narrows from near shore to far shore along the direction perpendicular to the shoreline of Xiangyun island. The average grain size of sediments in the study area is mainly concentrated in 2～10 Φ. The grain size distribution of the sediments shows two patterns: unimodal and bimodal. The surface sediments are mainly transported by suspension, and the grain size distribution of sediments is closely related to hydrodynamic conditions. The periodic effect of current makes the surface sediments in the process of suspension, sedimentation, resuspension and redeposition for a long time, and the fine sediments are continuously taken away by resuspension, which leads to the spatial differentiation of sediment grain size. 
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  Distinctive variations between slow- and rapid-sedimentations and their different spatiotemporal distributions in the central and western part of coastal plain of Lidaodong Bay since Late Pleistocene

  JIANG Xing-yu, MA Hong-wei, LI Yan, YANG Da-wei, LI Jian-fen, SHANG Zhi-wen, WANG Hong

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 22-28. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.04

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  It is of great significance to study the sedimentation process under the interaction between river and sea to understand the coastal evolution process and trend, and to make conservation and restoration plans based on nature. In this paper, the central and western areas of Liaodong Bay coastal plain are taken as the research area. According to the 38 land-sea change indicators, 33 collected by the authors and 5 from the others, four stratigraphic profiles with depositional isochrons in the central and western part of the Liaodong Bay coastal plain have been obtained. The results revealed obvious characteristics of the slow-sedimentation and the subsequent rapid-sedimentation since Late Pleistocene. The present evidence, found in the landward side near the modern coastline of the study area, shows that the low-velocity deposition began at least ~40 ka before, and its buried depth was very shallow (the elevation ~-15m). After the Holocene transgression advanced northwards in ~6.24 ka to Xinmin area, ~60~70 km from the present coastline, the slow-sedimentation continued until ~1.5 ka (or even later), with an average depositional rate around 0.1 mm/a. Then, a rapid sedimentation period, with ~10 m of thickness and an average deposition rate of ?5 mm/a, lasted for 1.5~1 ka. In addition, in the periphery of the study area, another rapid accretion event occurred earlier in ~3 ka with an average depositional rate of ?1 cm/a. Thick fluvial inundation fans, formed during such two rapid accretion periods, overlapped successively on the regressive intertidal flat and constitute the modern landscape of the Liaodong Bay coastal plain (surface elevations ~10 m and ~5 m, respectively). The recent rapid accretion since ~0.5 ka filled up in the Panjinwan Depression, and finally completed the land forming process in the south of the study area.
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  Current situation of the coastal wetlands in Guangxi and analysis of carbon storage in the mangrove wetland

  LI Chang, ZHAO Rui-bin, WANG Fu, WANG Fei-cui, HU Yun-zhuang, YANG Peng, ZHAO Yan-lin

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 29-35. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.05

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  The current situation of coastal wetlands and carbon storage are the basis of wetland ecosystem protection and restoration and ecosystem function evaluation. Based on the Landsat8 OLI satellite remote sensing data in 2021, this paper extracts and statistically analyzes the remote sensing information of coastal wetlands in Guangxi on the platform of ArcGIS software. Further, based on the InVEST model and previous data, the carbon storage of Mangrove Wetland in Guangxi is analyzed. The results show that the current total area of coastal wetlands in Guangxi is 2 986.95 km2, among which 618.22 km2 is the constructed wetland and accounting for 20.70% of the total. Such artificial wetland includes 469.98 km2 of farms, 128.70 km2of reservoirs, 6.46 km2 of salt fields while the other types of 13.08 km2. The natural wetland is 2 368.73 km2, accounting for 79.30% of the total wetland area, including 2 222.32 km2 of offshore and coastal wetlands ,137.97 km2 of river wetlands, 5.80 km2 of lake wetlands and 2.64 km2 of swamp wetlands. The mangrove wetland area is 90.80 km2and the carbon storage of mangrove wetland is 6.47×105 t. 
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  Distribution characteristics of soil salinization in the east coastal plain of Cangzhou

  CHEN Peng, WANG Wei, WANG Guo-ming, MA Jun-chi

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 36-43. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.06

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  Soil salinization is one of the main environmental geological problems in Cangzhou coastal area. By gathering soil samples of 0.3～0.5 m in the shallow layer and 0.8～1.0 m in the deep layer, the soluble salt test was carried out to study the characteristics of soil salt in the region, analyze the correlation among ions, and evaluate the degree of soil salinization and its influencing factors. The research results show that the average total salt content of shallow samples is 4.225 g/kg, which is higher than that of deep samples. The total salt content of shallow soil was positively correlated with the contents of Cl^-, SO₄^2-, Na⁺ and K⁺. The total salinity in the depth was positively correlated with the contents of Cl^-, Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺.The degree of soil salinization was at low to medium level, and increased gradually from northwest to southeast. The salinized distribution of different layers was almost parallel to the coastal zone. Chlorine salinization is the main type of salinization, and NaCl is the main salt form. The characteristics of shallow groundwater and the lithology of vadose zone are the main factors affecting salt accumulation.
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  Research on exploitation, utilization and environmental quality of groundwater in Zhangjiakou area and suggestions on its utilization and protection

  JIANG Wan-jun, MENG Li-shan, LIU Fu-tian, LIU Hong-wei, ZHANG Jing, NING Hang

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 44-54. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.07

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  Understanding resources and environment quality of groundwater is of great significance for sustainable utilization of groundwater in arid or semi-arid regions. In this study, the development and utilization of groundwater resources in Zhangjiakou area were systematically summarized by collecting data. Additionally, 177 groups of groundwater samples were collected for analysis of hydrochemical characteristics, and 22 indicators were selected for water quality evaluation according to the Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-2017) to reveal the general situation of groundwater environmental quality. The results showed that the average annual amount of water supply by groundwater was 192 million m3, accounting for 78.69% of the total water supply. In the past ten years, groundwater resources have been the main water supply task for people's life and the development of industry or agriculture, leading to the continuous decline of groundwater level in many regions. Only 44.44% of the samples in Bashang Plateau could satisfy the class III water quality standards, and the main substances exceeding the standard are fluoride, total hardness and TDS. On the contrary, the groundwater quality of Baxia basins was generally good, with 70.73% of the samples meeting the Class III water quality standards. Hydrogeological conditions were the main controlling factors affecting the distribution of high-fluoride groundwater, and the influence of nitrate input from human activities on the chemical composition of groundwater cannot be ignored. This paper provided a scientific basis for the prevention and control of groundwater pollution, and the protection and optimal allocation of groundwater resources in Zhangjiakou region.
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  Study on characteristics of karst water system in Quanli spring area，Xintai city，Shandong province

  ZHAO Hong-sheng, WANG Xiang-yong, LU Bing, MENG Jin, ZHAO Bing-jie

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 55-61. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.08

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  Based on the theory of groundwater system, this paper studies the karst water system in Quanli spring area. The spring area is an independent and complete hydrogeological unit. It is a monoclinic parallel karst water system with Cambrian Ordovician carbonate rocks mixed with clastic rocks as the main body. The boundary is clear. It is controlled by surface watershed, geological structure and formation lithology, and has unified supply, runoff and discharge conditions. The spring system is open, and the supply source is mainly atmospheric precipitation, followed by the leakage supply of Guli River and Houbeizuo river flowing through the exposed Ordovician limestone section; drainage methods include spring group and artificial mining. After research, it is not suitable to build new water sources and increase the exploitation of karst water resources in the spring area to prevent the spring water from breaking off.
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  Quantitative simulation of retardation effect of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- by aquitard layer on confined water in plain: a case study of Tongzhou district in Beijing

  MIAO Jin-jie, LIU Hong-wei, GUO Xu, DU Dong, BAI Yao-nan

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 62-68. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.09

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  Due to the rapid development of industrial and agricultural economy, the shallow groundwater pollution has become a common problem. The confined water in the deep plain is the main source of local water supply because of its good quality. The weak permeable layer above the confined aquifer plays an important role in preventing the shallow pollutants from entering the confined aquifer. In this study, Taking Tongzhou area, which located in Huabei plain of China, as an example, based on the hydrogeological unit of the study area, and combined with the water quality characteristics of phreatic water and lithologic character, fifteen kinds of simulation schemes were developed to quantitative evaluation of the retardation effect of the aquitard layer between the groundwater. The research ideas and methods can be used for reference in evaluating the vulnerability of confined water in other similar plain areas.
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  Study on the geological origin of groundwater and soil corrosivity in Xiong'an New Area

  XIA Yu-bo, GUO Xu, WANG Bing, HAN Bo

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.10

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  Xiongan New Area in Hebei is a city under constuction. With the acceleration of urban construction, the corrosiveness of shallow groundwater and the influence on engineering structure has been paid more and more attention. In this paper, the groundwater and soil corrosivity in Xiongan New Area were evaluated and subdivided, and the characteristics of groundwater and soil corrosivity were analyzed. It concluded that the geological conditions of forming high groundwater and soil corrosivity in Xiongan New Area were hydrogeochemical reaction- migration- differentiation, vadose zone leaching and Holocene silty clay adsorption. This research is a powerful practice for urban geological survey to support the planning and construction, it can provide reference for the urban planning and engineering construction of Xiongan New Area.
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  Assessment of rockfall hazard at highway high slopes in cold-arid areas: a case study of the Wukeerchaolong gully-Songshu gully section of the G219 highway

  YANG Peng, LI Yan-yan, SHANG Yan-jun, WANG Hui-lun

  North China Geology. 2022, 45(3): 77-86. https://doi.org/10.19948/j.12-1471/P.2022.03.11

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  In the steep mountainous areas, in northwest Xinjiang, where rock is broken seriously due to intense physical weathering, rockfall is one of the most common geological hazards along highway slopes. Engineering geological investigation on geological hazards along the Wukeerchaolong gully-Songshu gully section of the G219 line of Jimunai-Hebukesaier highway in northwest Xinjiang was conducted which indicates that rockfall on the high slopes threatens the safety of people’s life and property and the vehicular traffic travelling on the highway seriously. In this study, a combination of field investigations, laboratory experiments and numerical simulation methods were performed to identify and simulate the rockfall on the high slopes, and to assess the rockfall hazard in the study area. The results show that there are five high slopes where rockfall hazard is extremely serious, and based on the total kinetic energy and the accumulation rate of the rockfall the zonation of the areas suffered from the rockfall was performed, leading to the conclusions that the highway on the five high slopes is located at medium-intensity low-accumulation area, high-intensity medium-accumulation area, high-intensity low-accumulation area, high-intensity low-accumulation area and low-intensity high-accumulation area respectively. Finally, in order to reduce the rockfall hazard and avoid the fatalities effectively, proper preventive measures have been suggested. For the small unstable blocks we can trim and remove them or use restraining nets. For the big ones, rock bolts and the construction of retaining walls and catch ditch at the toe of the slope can be adopted.