Botswana is rich in mineral resources, in which diamond occupies an important position in the world, and copper, nickel, coal, gold and uranium have great prospecting potential, focused attention from international mining investors. Botswana's mining investment environment is excellent, its tax revenue is low and its politics is stable. However, there are also unfavorable conditions for investment, such as water and electricity shortage and high transportation cost. The geology and mineral resources of Botswana are sorted out from the aspects of infrastructure, regional geology, mineral resources distribution and mining investment environment. Diamond and copper are the most abundant minerals in Botswana, and are the pillar industries of its mining industry. Diamond is mainly concentrated in the Orapa region in the east-central region and Jwaneng region in the southeast, while copper is mainly concentrated in the Selebi-Phikwe region in the east. The infrastructure and water and electricity supply in eastern Botswana are relatively complete, which is the best mining investment choice at present.

Select two typical geological disaster points of collapse and debris flow in the northern mountain area of Tianjin to monitor by using image total station and UAV low altitude remote sensing, and analyze the specific application effect. The collapse monitoring accuracy by the image total station can reach mm level, which solves the points that are difficult to reach, and ensures the safety of the monitoring personnel. The UAV low altitude remote sensing technology monitors the debris flow area with the accuracy of cm level. which can realize the overall area monitoring and quickly grasp the terrain around the debris flow disaster and the distribution of loose deposits by DOM and DSM. The work done in this paper has formed a typical demonstration application of geological disasters monitoring used remote sensing, which has certain reference significance for subsequent geological disasters monitoring.

The situation of natural resource development and utilization in China is becoming increasingly severe, and the limitations of individual natural resource evaluation are becoming more prominent. A comprehensive evaluation index system for natural resources in North China is constructed based on the classification, quantity and quality of natural resources. Based on GIS technology, the comprehensive index method is used to comprehensively evaluate the natural resources in North China, and the cluster analysis method is used for comprehensive zoning. The results show that the regions with better natural resource of North China mainly locate in the Yanshan Taihang piedmont alluvial fan and the plains in Henan and Shandong, while the regions with poor natural resource conditions are mainly distributed in the sandy lands, deserts and gobi in the west and middle of Inner Mongolia, the mountains in the north and northwest of Hebei and Shanxi , and the central plains and coastal plains of the North China Plain. The types of natural resources in North China are divided into five categories: water and soil resource advantage area, biological resource advantage area, land resource advantage area, mineral resource advantage area, and water resource disadvantaged area. Research can provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive, reasonable and effective development of natural resources in North China.

Organic pollutants such as Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon produced in the production process of coking plants cause serious harm to the environment, especially to soil and groundwater. In order to determine the degree of influence of coking enterprises on groundwater under different hydrogeological conditions, this article uses logistic regression analysis to analyze and study the monitoring data of organic pollutants in groundwater from 25 coking enterprises in a certain city of Hebei Province for three consecutive years. The results show that: （1） the indicators with the highest detection rate in 300 groups of groundwater samples are Phenanthrene, Fluorene, Naphthalene and other Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Benzene and Chlorinated hydrocarbons; （2）Through logistic regression analysis of 15 indicators including pollution source characteristics, infiltration pathways, hydrogeological conditions and sampling time, it was found that the main influencing factors for the detection rate of Benzene series compounds in groundwater in the coking industry are the hydrogeological unit in which the enterprise is located. In areas with small groundwater hydraulic slope and burial depth, the higher the detection rate of Benzene series compounds; The detection rate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon pollutants is positively correlated with the thickness of cohesive soil in the aeration zone; Chlorinated hydrocarbon pollution is positively correlated with the production years of enterprises. The research results can qualitatively analyze the groundwater pollution characteristics of coking sites based on the hydrogeological conditions and production processes of the coking enterprise, and can also be used to guide the selection of new coking site locations.

The late Paleozoic Variscan orogenic belt in southern Mongolia plays an important role in the Central Asia orogenic belt, but the formation time of the collision has been controversial due to various factors. In this paper, the geochemical characteristics of the late Paleozoic magmatic rocks in southern Mongolia are preliminarily summarized by collecting and using the previous geochemical data. It is suggested that island arc began to form in Devonian in this area, and island arc was still dominant in Early Carboniferous, but continental margin arc appeared, while intraplate magmatism was more typical in Late Carboniferous. At this time, island arc magmatism related to subduction in southern Mongolia basically stopped and turned into intraplate tectonic stage, and the intraplate characteristics were more obvious in Permian, at this time, volcanic activity had stopped, which was related to the formation of Central Asia. The mountain belt is related to the stage of amalgamation, which is the intraplate tectonic environment. So this paper can provide some meaningful references for the late Paleozoic tectonic evolution framework in southern Mongolia.

The standard system is the scientific basis for the planning and deployment of medium- and long-term standardization work of mineral geology. In this paper, a six-dimensional structural model is used to construct a technical standard system for mineral geology. The technical standard system includes 162 technical standards of 13 sub-categories in four categories: mineral geological survey, mineral geological exploration, conservation and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, and national survey of mineral resources. It comprehensively matches the investigation and evaluation of energy and strategic mineral resources, the new round of prospecting breakthrough strategic actions and the national mineral resources national situation survey. Based on the dimensional analysis of the model, suggestions for system improvement such as strengthening the layout of general standards, improving the integration of standards, and optimizing the pattern of standard configuration are put forward.

Aeolian loess on the Loess Plateau in China are dominated by the Malan formation, with single components as quartz and felddrite mainly, and lack of water storage minerals and dark minerals that release and supply nutrients, which makes the soil lose the foundation of fertility. This is the congenital defect of the geological root cause of the barren loess, and also the fundamental reason that the natural loess landform area can't support the growth of high-dense vegetation and tall trees, and make the resulting of serious soil erosion. The pot experiment based on the geochemical characteristics of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, B, Mg, S which are riched in construction wastes, coal gangue, aluminum slag, copper tailings and other solid wastes and the characteristics of riching in mica, amphibole, pyroxene, vermiculite and other minerals.The pot experiment made these solid wastes into powder and mixed with aeolian loess to make artificial soil, and analyzed the ability of solid wastes powder to improve the loess nutrient and water retention and drought resistance of loess. Six groups were set up in the pot experiment with the ratio of [original loess]/[solid wastes powder]= 0/10, 1/9, 3/7, 5/5, 8/2, 10/0 .And cabbage and wheat were selected as the test subjects. It showed that the solid wastes powder added to barren loess could obviously improve the growth ability and drought resistance of plants, and the best ratio was [original loess]/[solid wastes powder]=8/2.

The northeastern edge of the Ordos Basin is one of the important sandstone type uranium resource bases in China, with multiple large and ultra large uranium deposits distributed. On the basis of fully summarizing previous research results, this paper systematically contrasts the uranium deposits in the northeastern margin of the basin and the Middle Jurassic Zhiluo Formation in non mining areas from petrology, geochemistry and other aspects, and discusses their differences and implications for uranium mineralization. The analysis results show that: (1) the main element content of the Zhiluo Formation sandstone in the study area is similar to that of the active continental margin sandstone, with SiO₂ content gradually increasing from the Daying uranium mining area on the basin edge to the Wushenqi area within the basin, CaO gradually decreasing, and Na₂O and K₂O not changing much; (2) The distribution of trace elements is similar, with obvious enrichment of large ion lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba, Pb, and depletion of high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta, Ti. The content of Y, Yb, and Lu is low, and the content of Sr is medium, indicating that the source area of the Zhiluo Formation sandstone in each region is a typical subduction zone environment; The distribution pattern of rare earth elements is generally similar. From the edge of the basin to the inside, the content of U element decreases, the "right tilt" of the spider web gradually flattens, LREE gradually decreases, and the change in HREE is not significant; (3) The parent rock of Zhiluo Formation sandstone source area in the northeast of Ordos Basin is volcanic arc granite, which may be formed in the active continental margin environment related to subduction; (4)There is a positive correlation between La and Ce elements and U in the sandstone of the Zhiluo Formation in various regions of the northeastern Ordos Basin. During the sedimentation of the Zhiluo Formation, the ancient water environment was freshwater and oxygen rich. From the northeast to the central part of the basin, the ancient climate gradually became humid, which has good prospecting indicating significance.

In order to seek an effective geophysical detecting method for the landfill ponds in xiong'an New Area.Authors attempt to apply the high density resistivity method to the survey of the landfill ponds, the interpretation results are mutually confirmed with the inversion results of the opposing coils transient electromagnetic method, the results are verified by trenching and drilling, the range and depth of the landfill pond are basically consistent with the verified results, and the method has good resolution in both horizontal and vertical directions, it can obtain abundant geological information in shallow strata, and achieve the goal of the detailed exploration, the application effect of this method is remarkable. The successful attempt of the high density resistivity method for detecting the landfill ponds in xiong'an New Area, it offers reference and experience for the selection of methods for detecting landfill ponds in xiong'an New Area and other similar areas in the future.

In order to reveal the research status and hotspots in the field of soil heavy metals risk assessment in China, based on the data source of China National Knowledge Infrastructure from 2001 to 2021, CiteSpace software was used to conduct bibliometric analysis of 1485 journal papers in this field in China, the overall situation and the key research direction in the future of soil heavy metals risk assessment is explored in multiple dimensions. The results showed that the number of scientific research papers published in the field of soil heavy metal risk assessment shows an increasing trend, the research focus mainly surrounding three aspects: pollution, ecological risk assessment and health risk assessment. He Tengbing, EZIZ Mamattursun, MOHAMMAD Anwar, MAMUT Ajigul and Ma Jianhua are important research scholars in different periods in this research field, Shaanxi Normal University, Xinjiang Normal University and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences are the important research institutions with strong academic influence in this field. Under the urgent need of ecological civilization construction, the research hotspots in this field may focus on the cultivated land soil and risk assessment in the future.

This paper is the result of Coast Geo-Environment. [Objective] Based on combination between the global sea level history and the reconstruction of the observed local Holocene relative sea level change, this research is aimed at revealing that the sea level change is the most important driving force controlling the land-sea change and morphological pattern transition and future coastal trend in the muddy coast of Bohai Bay, China. [Methods] Modelling effort has reconstructed high-resolution history of the global sea level change since the LGM (e. g., Lambeck et al., 2014; Peltier et al., 2015), and summarized contributions of various elements to the sea level change (e.g., Horton et al., 2018). On the other hand, as most coastal geologists, we scrutinized primarily the local and regional elements, which affected the relative sea level (RSL) behaviors in Bohai Bay coast, with quantitative or semi-quantitative estimates (Li et al., 2021; Wang, 2022) and more detailed case studies (Fan et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2020; Tian et al., in review). [Results] The aforementioned approaches indicated global mean sea level (GMSL) rise was ~9mm/a during 10～7 ka while the rate of the local relative mean sea (RMSL) was ~5.6 mm/a, contemporaneously. Such rapid rises resulted shoreline recession worldwide, including Bohai Sea region with possible inundation of a number of beach ridges. However, after ~7ka, rise of the ice-equivalent sea level (ESL) decreased to ~0.64 mm/a; after 5 ka, the rise even stopped. As to Bohai Bay, the RMSL rise was ~0.46 mm/a after 7 ka and was only ~0.18 mm/a since 5.5 ka. Both global and regional sea level changes show obvious two-stage-rise characteristics with a turning-point around 7 ka, before and after which the rise changed greatly with an order of magnitude. Overlapping on the remarkable deceleration is an essential offset between the regional isostatic uplift and the local subsidence of neotectonics and sediment self-compaction. Thus, the triple influences, caused by slowing rise of sea level, isostatic uplift and local subsidence, created a nearly ~7 ka long morphological pattern, in which a cyclicity evolution between barrier-typed shelly cheniers and lagoon/saltmarsh lowlands existed. During the last 150 years from 1870 CE, GMSL rised quickly with an average rate of ~1.7mm/a and even quicker in the last decade (IPCC AR6, 2021; IPCC AR6 SYN, 2023). By the same time, entire protruded sectors of muddy lowland (with upper part of intertidal flat), ~1～ 3 km in the front of Chenier I, were fully eroded away and, consequently, the 1870 CE-shoreline was retreated to the Chenier I, an old shoreline ended before the 1870's (Wang et al., 2002, 2010). Therefore, we think that there must be a reasonable causality between the global temperature-sea level rise and shoreline recession in our study area. [Conclusions] Following predictions of ~6～8 mm / a rise of global sea level in the 21 century (IPCC AR5, 2013; IPCC AR6 SYN, 2023), this will increase the local accommodation space and resulting RSL rise (sea level rise and local subsidence). Consequently, a number of coastal responses will follow such as shoreline retreat, tidal flat erosion and salt wetland deterioration. Finally, the local morphological pattern could plausibly return from the 7ka-lasted barrier-typed Chenier-Lagoon System to the Beach Ridge-Coastal Lowland System estimated during the late Pleistocene to early Holocene.

This paper is the result of urban construction suitability evaluation. [Objective] Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is a world-class urban agglomeration with a high concentration of industrialization and urbanization. For a long time, the contradiction between people and land in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has been prominent, and the matching degree between the pattern of territorial space development and the spatial layout of resources and environment is relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to scientifically and comprehensively evaluate the suitability of urban construction and identify the potential space suitable for urban construction in the future, so as to provide a scientific basis and decision-making support for the delineation of urban development boundaries and the intensive, economical and efficient use of urban land. [Methods] Based on the guidance of "double evaluation", this paper establishes the evaluation index system of urban construction suitability in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and evaluates the urban construction suitability in this region by AHP and weighted average composite index method. On this basis, combined with the "three adjustments" data of land, in accordance with the principle of giving priority to ecological protection and stabilizing the amount of cultivated land, the extremely important ecological protection area, nature protection area, current wetland, urban and infrastructure construction land, special land, etc. are deducted from the suitable urban construction areas in order to identify the potential space suitable for urban construction in the future. [Results] The urban construction suitable area covers 123 027.2 km2 , accounting for 56.98% of the total land area of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region; the general suitable area covers 45 773.43 km² , accounting for 21.20%; the unsuitable area covers 4850.16 km2, accounting for 2.25%; the potential scale of the urban construction suitable area is 4 676.30 km² . Hebei Zhangjiakou City and Chengde City have great potential for urban construction land construction, followed by Baoding City, Tangshan City, and Qinhuangdao City. [Conclusions] In the eastern part of Beijing, the western part of Tianjin, the southeastern part of Baoding, the southern part of Cangzhou - the eastern part of Hengshui and the eastern part of Handan, groundwater is seriously overdrawn and there are problems of ground subsidence. It is suggested to combine the prohibition (limit) of groundwater extraction and appropriately optimize and adjust the land use mode when conditions allow. The location of an active fault zone may directly affect the planning, construction, and operation safety of major projects such as cities and transportation, so it is suggested to strengthen the investigation and evaluation of active fault zones and take measures to avoid the active fault or improve the corresponding seismic fortification level.

This paper is the result of flooding water discharge by sea level rise. [Objective] Although being well known that sea level rise under the global climate change is a major driving force of coastal environmental changes, it has long been an obvious gap between the fundamental researches concerned and the existing coastal socio-economical activities, especially the quantitative impact-estimation for a given coastal area. This paper is an approach to remedy such a rift. [Methods] Catastrophic rainfall in the July-August last year, triggered off an one-in-60-years flood in BeijingHebei-Tianjin region. With a process of the flooding-water-discharge in a sluice, we approach a cause-and-effect relationship between elevating tidal level and delays of flood water discharge. [Results] Under the forecast sea level rise in the 21st century, a spacious-temporal relationship between tidal level rise, following the sea level rise, and curtailed discharge time of flooding water as 1 cm versus 0.02 hour. [Conclusions] Thus, a concept of‘tipping point’of the tidal level being higher than the contemporaneous flood water is addressed and delaying discharge time scenarios for the three time nodes 2030, 2040 and 2050 are estimated, respectively.

This paper is the result of regional geology. [Objective] Liaoning area is located in the northeast margin of the North China plate. The traditional view is that Liaoning area has been in a period of tectonic stability from the Lv Liang-Sibao movement to the end of the Paleozoic era and has not been affected by the obvious tectonic movement. However, In recent years, the results show that the Neoproterozoic tectonic movement in Liaoning area is relatively frequent. According to the weathering-planation surface confirmed by Liaoning 1: 250 000 Dalian regional surveys (2001), the tectonic movement in Neoproterozoic period in Liaoning Province was collectively called Jinning Movement, and divided into four sub-tectonic movements, namely, Wanfu vertical movement (equivalent to Qinyu vertical movement), Tuoshan vertical movement, Chayegou vertical movement and Dalian vertical movement. Among them, There is an inaccuracy in the classification and definition of the vertical movements of Tuoshan vertical movement and Chayegou vertical, and their naming needs further research and exploration. [Methods] This paper takes the Neoproterozoic strata in Liaoning Province as the research object, based on regional geological survey data and combined with chronological data, to redefine the Neoproterozoic vertical movement in Liaoning Province. [Results] Through regional comparative research, two cycles of Jinning Movement and Dalian Movement, as well as seven sub level vertical movements, were identified, corresponding to three glaciation, two interglacial periods, and pre and post glacial periods. The seven sub level vertical movements are named Qinyu vertical movement, Yintun vertical movement, Dagushan vertical movement, Taizihe vertical movement, Fuzhou vertical movement, Nanguanling vertical movement, and Dalian vertical movement. The five sub level tectonic movements, including the Yintun vertical movement, Dagushan vertical movement, Taizihe vertical movement, Fuzhou vertical movement, and Nanguanling vertical movement, are collectively referred to as the Jinning movement, representing the early tectonic movement of the Neoproterozoic period. In the mid to late Neoproterozoic era (about 890-541 Ma), the strata above the original Xingmincun Formation were missing in the Liaoning region, representing the product of the uplift of the new tectonic movement. This movement is referred to as the Dalian Movement, which is similar to the Keping Movement in the northwest and the Chengjiang Movement in the south. The Qinyu lifting interface marks the end of the Sibao Movement and the beginning of the Jinning Movement. The sedimentary discontinuity between the Zhoujiaweizi Formation and Wangjiatanzi Formation of the Qingbaikou System is called the Nanguanling vertical movement. The Nanguanling uplift and subsidence interface marks the end of the Jinning Movement and the beginning of the Dalian Movement. The confirmation of the Dalian lifting interface (about 541 Ma) marked the end of the Neoproterozoic Dalian Movement and the beginning of the Early Paleozoic Xingkai Movement. [Conclusions] The early Neoproterozoic tectonic movements in the Liaoning region were relatively frequent, with three glaciation and multiple parallel unconformity interfaces, which can be divided into two cycles: the Jinning Movement and the Dalian Movement, as well as seven sub level vertical movements, providing important reference materials for regional stratigraphic research and comparison.

This paper is the result of shale gas. [Objective] The shale of Wufeng-Longmaxi formation in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas has experienced complex tectonic activities and strong reworking. The degree of reworking has a direct impact on the accumulation of shale gas, it is of great significance to classify shale gas enrichment models according to structural styles. [Methods] Mainly based on the structural zoning and the changing trend of reconstruction intensity, in this paper the structural division of Shale series of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas, the difference of the time of tectonic uplift in different blocks, and the enrichment patterns of shale gas in different structural areas are summarized. [Results] By studying the differences in the intensity of structural transformation, structural morphology, burial depth and burial uplift time of Wufeng-longmaxi formation in different areas, the main marine shales of the lower Paleozoic in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas are divided into 9 first-class structural areas and 20 second-class structural areas. The structural burial history and hydrocarbon generation history of typical wells in different structural areas are further studied. There are 9 structural styles and enrichment patterns of shale gas in and around the Sichuan Basin: large slope type (Type Weiyuan) , low-steep and broad-gentle syncline type (Type Luzhou) , basin-marginal syncline type (Type Changning), basin-margin complex structure type (Type Zhaotong) , basinmargin broad gentle fault anticline type (Type Jiaoshiba) , basin-margin slope reverse fault sealing type (Type Dingshan), basinoutside complex anticline type (Type Wuxi) , residual syncline type (Type Pengshui) , the residual synclinal reverse fault outside the basin is sealing type (Type Zhengan) . The enrichment and preservation conditions of shale gas are getting worse and worse. [Concluslions] The nine shale gas enrichment models, which provide an overview of the overall tectonic evolution and accumulation patterns of shale gas from the inner Sichuan Basin to the outer edge of the basin, can provide scope and targets for further optimization of shale gas favorable areas, better guide shale gas exploration in and around Sichuan Basin.

The Togrog granite complex in Gobi-Altay area of Mongolia is mainly composed of granodiorite and diorite. This paper reports that the zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of the Togrog granite complex range from 315.2 Ma to 300.5 Ma, belonging to the Late Carboniferous period. The Togrog granite complex is formed in an extensional environment after plate collision, displaying typical characteristics of intermediate acidic magma during the Variscan movement in Gobi-Altay area, Mongolia.

This paper is the result of rock geochemistry. [Objective]The Baoerhantu Group is mainly distributed in the northern region of Damao Banner and is a key area for studying the early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the ancient Asian Ocean. [Methods]This article conducts petrological, geochemical, isotopic geochemical and chronological studies on the basic volcanic rocks in the Baoerhan map of Damaoqi area, in order to explore their formation age and diagenesis. [Results]The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb diagenetic age of the gneiss like plagioclase amphibolite in the Baoerhantu group was 495 ± 2.0 Ma, while metamorphic zircon ages of 242.3 ± 1.1 Ma and 249 ± 3 Ma were obtained in the amphibolite greenstone and plagioclase amphibolite, respectively. [Conclusions]The geochemical characteristics of the gneiss like plagioclase amphibolite are characterized by enrichment of large ion lithophilic elements such as Rb and Th, and depletion of high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta, P, and Ti, indicating that the Baoerhantu Group had volcanic eruptions during the Cambrian (ε3), and its formation is related to the subduction of the ancient Asian Ocean from north to south. The hornblende epidote and plagioclase hornblende exhibit MORB type geochemical characteristics, and the captured zircons contain both the ancient recycled continental crust material of the North China Plate and the newly formed basic lower crust material of the Paleozoic era, which can limit the closure of the ancient Asian Ocean to be earlier than 249 Ma.

This paper is the result of geochemistry. [Objective] In recent years, selenium enrichment industry has developed rapidly, but because there is no significant positive correlation between selenium content in soil and selenium content in crop seeds, the planting regionalization of selenium-enriched agricultural products based on soil selenium content has certain uncertainties. Therefore, how to establish the selenium-rich model of agricultural products to predict the production area of selenium-rich agricultural products and make reasonable planning is an urgent scientific problem. [Methods] The crops and soils were collected from Zhangbei county of Hebei province. And pH, organic carbon, silica, aluminum trioxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, ferric oxide, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, selenium, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, chromium, and nickel were measured. The influencing factors of selenium uptake in crops were studied, and the prediction model of crop selenium content based on neural network was established, and the yield area of seleniumrich crops was predicted, base on the results of measurement and the data of 1/250000 multiple geochemistry collected. [Results] There were only 2.31 percent of topsoil sites reached the standard of selenium-enriched, and they mainly distributed in the northern area of Sanhao Town. There are 6 naked oats which meet the standard of selenium-enriched, and the selenium-enriched rate is 16.67 percent. While there are 7 flaxseeds which meet the standard of selenium-enriched, and the selenium-enriched rate is 21.86 percent. There was a negative relationship between crops' bioconcentration factor for selenium with organic carbon, ferric oxide and aluminum trioxide, a positive relationship with pH in soil. The prediction model of selenium content in flax and naked oat seed was established by machine learning, and the results were reliable. The potential production areas of flax and naked oats were mainly distributed in Zhangbei, Xiaoertai, Tailugou, Youlouou and Haojiaying Town, etc, and the output areas were 2 486 km² and 2 406 km², respectively.[Conclusions] The area of selenium-rich crop producing area defined by the prediction model is much larger than the selenium-rich soil area, which is of great significance for the development of selenium-rich agriculture in Zhangbei County.

This paper is the result of the research on the geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic setting of volcanic rocks.[Objective] The volcanic rocks of Baiyingaolao Formation in the southern section of Da Hinggan Mountains are the host rocks of the Changtuxili Ag-Pb-Zn-Mn polymetallic deposit. Conducting research on volcanic rock chronology, geochemistry, and tectonic environment is of great significance for identifying the geological background of the deposit and guiding the next exploration of the deposit. [Methods] This study conducted petrological, zircon U-Pb geochronological, and geochemical studies on the volcanic rocks of the Baiyingaolao Formation to clarify their formation age, petrogenesis, and tectonic evolution environment. [Results] The main body of the Baiyingaolao Formation in this area is a set of rhyolite and rhyolite volcanic clastic rocks. The zircon U-Pb dating result is (133.85±0.81 Ma), which was formed in the Early Cretaceous. The main elements have the characteristics of high silicon(SiO₂=71.00%～74.43%), rich alkali (ALK=7.10～8.78), rich potassium, high FeOT / MgO ratio(7.51～22.54), poor magnesium(MgO=0.11%～0.45%), and poor calcium(Ca=0.88%～1.83%), belonging to the high potassium calcium alkaline series rocks. All samples have a similar REE pattern with medium total REE contents (ΣREE=156.66～211.81), significant fractionation of LREE and HREE ((La / Yb）N=9.39～16.91), attributed to the enrichment type with strong negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.38～0.59). Similar REE distribution patterns imply that the volcanic rocks came from the same magma source. The trace element geochemistry shows evident enrichment of LILE Rb, K, Th and U, deficit of HFSE Nb, Ta, Ti, P.[Conclusions] Based on regional geological data and the research results of this article, it is believed that the volcanic magma of the Baiyingaolao Formation in the study area originated from partial melting of crustal rocks and was generated in the post orogenic extensional tectonic background. Its formation is mainly related to the lithospheric extension after the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, and the subduction of the ancient Pacific Plate also has a certain influence on it.

This paper is the result of the research on the standard system of geophysical exploration technology [Objective] As an essential technical guarantee for the development of the geological industry, the tendency of refinement and integration in exploration technical standards objectively necessitates the acceleration of digitization of existing standards to meet various demands such as rapid retrieval, analysis, comparison, splitting and reconstruction of standard technical contents.[Methods] Considering that code of practice is the standard type with the largest proportion and similar structure in exploration technical standard system, the code of practice for magnetotelluric sounding (DZ/T 0173-2022) is taken as the research object. Refer to the tagging framwork of national standard, DZ/T 0173-2022 was structured based on extensible markup language XML. [Results] The corresponding relationship between the composition elements and the structural framework of the code of practice in exploration technical filed is established, and the structural description of basic information, auxiliary information, terminology information and technical contents of exploration technical standards was realized based on XML. It is pointed out that the structural framework suffers from deficiencies such as incomplete elements, limited descriptive dimensions and relatively coarse granularity of structured modules. [Conclusions] The research on digitization of exploration technical standards should be strengthened in the aspects of standard structural metamodel, tag set, content template and style sheet of different functional types, so as to realize the standard content structure of all elements, multi-dimension and fine granularity, laying a preliminary foundation for machine readable and transferable exploration technical standards.

This paper is the result of geochemistry geology.

This paper is the result of the evaluation of groundwater resources and analysis of geological environment problems.[Objective] In order to improve the understanding of hydrogeology and groundwater resources in Inner Mongolia inland river basin,improve the utilization efficiency of groundwater resources and reduce the geological environment problems. [Methods]Taking In‐ner Mongolia Inland River Basin as the main work area, this paper identified the drainage characteristics and hydrogeological condi‐ tions of the basin, collected and sorted out the meteorological and groundwater development and utilization data of the basin in the past 20 years, updated the hydrogeological parameters related to groundwater resource evaluation, and summarized and analyzed the drainage items of groundwater resources in the basin. The drainage method and recharge method were used to evaluate groundwater resources in hilly and plain areas. At the same time, the characteristics of groundwater dynamic change in the basin are discussed comprehensively, and the ecological and geological environment problems related to groundwater such as lake shrinking and land de‐sertification are discussed. [Results] It is calculated that the total groundwater resources in the inland river basin are 3.794 billion m³. The shallow groundwater level in the upper Bashang area generally experiences a general trend of first rising and then decreas‐ing, and the groundwater level generally presents a cyclical trend during the year. Affected by the groundwater level, the lakes in thebasin shrink seriously, the sandy desertification area decreases, and the saline-alkali desertification gradually increases.[Conclusions]This study provides basic data and scientific basis for sustainable development and utilization of water resources and ecological envi‐ronment protection in this area.

This paper is about the research on the Karst Water system. [Objective] Karst water is the main water source of cities and towns in northern China. In this paper, the hydrogeological characteristics of the karst water system in Shenxian Mountain in Fuping are studied.The research results can provide an important reference for the rational development and utilization of karst water in Fuping. [Methods] This paper mainly takes the karst water system of Shenxian Mountain in Fuping as the research object, and systematically summarizes the hydrogeological characteristics of the karst water system in the study area by studying the geological background of karst formation, karst development characteristics,aquifer structure, groundwater circulation, and karst water chemical characteristics. [Results] The groundwater system of karst of Shenxian Mountain in Fuping is a relatively independent karst hydrologic system. Karst hydrologic system boundary consists of carbonate rock and metamorphic rock boundary ，the water separation boundary formed by water resistance fault structure and the surface underground watershed boundary. The karst water system is divided into dolomite karst fissure aquifer of Jixian system and Changcheng system and the limestone karst fissure aquifer of Ordovician-Cambrian system. The atmospheric precipitation in Shenxian Mountain area of Fuping is the main source of groundwater recharge. The atmospheric precipitation infiltrates along the cracks to recharge the groundwater. The karst groundwater in Fuping Shenxian Mountain is excreted in the form of Jinlongdong spring (underground river), with a water volume of 5382-75466 m³/d.The strontium content in the spring water is 0.58-1.28 mg/l,which reaches the limit index of ' drinking natural mineral water ' (GB 8537-2018). [Conclusions] Karst develops in ShenxianMountain area of Fuping, forming a relatively independent karst water system, and groundwater circulates in the system. It is appropriate to build underground water retaining structures near the Jinlongdong underground river to form underground karst reservoirs, which has considerable development and utilization value.

This paper is the result of engineering geophysical exploration. [Objective] The complex resistivity inversion parameters are four Cole-Cole model parameters, which directly increases the multisolution of complex resistivity inversion. Moreover, the sensitivity of real and imaginary parts of complex resistivity to different Cole-Cole models is different, so the ability of complex resistivity inversion is required. [Methods] In this paper, the regularization idea is introduced into the weighted inversion of the real and imaginary parts of complex resistivity, and four Cole-Cole model parameters are inverted in four steps, and four different weighting coefficients are designed to weight the objective functions of the real and imaginary parts in the inversion of different Cole-Cole parameters, so as to control the proportion of the real and imaginary parts in the inversion. When inverting the same parameter, the inversion results of different initial models are compared, and the influence of the initial models on the inversion results is analyzed. [Results] Model test results show that this algorithm can not only improve the inversion effect of Cole-Cole model parameters, but also reduce the dependence of inversion results on the weighting coefficient and some parameters on the initial model. [Conclusions] The algorithm used in this study has effectively improved the accuracy of the inversion process for the Cole-Cole model parameters.

This paper is the result of geothermal geology. Geothermal is a clean energy source, and local concentrated extraction of geothermal fluid will cause a pressure depression cones. [Objective] Due to the long history of geothermal development, multiple large-scale pressure depression cones have been formed in the Tianjin area. Since 2018, the water level in the center of the cones began to rise rapidly and the thermal reservoir pressure began to recover after the gradual reduction of mining output. However, there are few studies on the correlation between the water level rise and the change of mining output, and what changes will happen to the cone shape, and the understanding of the evolution law is not clear enough. [Methods] This article takes the dynamic changes of water level in the Guantao Formation of the Neogene in Tianjin as an example, analyzes the correlation between extraction and reinjection volume and water level, studies the dynamic evolution law of water level in the cone area, analyzes the cause for pressure recovery, and provides reasonable suggestions for evaluating geothermal recoverable amount in the depression cones. [Results] The study suggests that the continuous "insufficient inflow" of thermal reservoir water is the fundamental cause for the formation of a pressure depression cone, while the combined effect of group wells pumping leads to synchronous fluctuations in thermal reservoir pressure, a sharp decrease in consumption, and the flattening effect of the cone causing the water level in the central area of the cone to rise.[Conclusions] Geothermal evaluation and management should be based on the real-time dynamics of thermal reservoir pressure in the cone area, and reasonable control of consumption and maintenance of water balance are effective ways for the sustainable utilization of geothermal resources.

This paper is the research on the geological disasters. [Objective] Located in the semi-mountainous region of the Yungui Plateau, Huize County is frequently affected by geological disasters, particularly landslides. This study focused on landslide hazards, with a coupled model being employed for vulnerability assessments, aiming to develop an evaluation model tailored to the unique geographical and environmental characteristics of the semi-mountainous area of the Yungui Plateau.[Methods]Twelve evaluation factors, including topography, slope, and aspect, were carefully selected. The probability of landslide occurrence was calculated using the Coefficient of Determination (CF) and Logistic coupling model. The results were graded using the GIS-based Natural Breaks method. The model underwent rigorous validation through rationality and sensitivity tests.[Results](1) Elevation, distance to faults, distance to roads, and slope were identified as significant influencers on landslide susceptibility in Huize County. (2) The areas categorized as stable, low, moderate, and high susceptibility cover 46.25 km2 (0.61%), 3 095.41 km2 (52.77%), 1 296.64 km2 (21.94%), and 1 446.53 km2 (21.94%), respectively. (3) The Coefficient of Determination (CF) and Logistic coupling model demonstrated high rationality, with an AUC value of 0.927.[Conclusions](1) Moderate to high susceptibility landslide areas are concentrated in the southwest and northeast regions of Huize County, while low susceptibility and stable areas are prevalent in the northwest, central, and southern regions. (2) The application of the CF-Logistic coupling model for landslide vulnerability assessment exhibits superior rationality and accuracy.

This paper is the result of ICP-MS. [Objective] Rare earth elements play an important role in geochemistry, and their additive significance is also very prominent,which can be called geochemical indicators. The content of rare earth elements in rock samples was determined by ICP-MS with open acid solution - inductively, which is a common method. In order to improve the accuracy of detection of rare earth elements in rocks, the uncertainty of measurement is analyzed and evaluated from each component in the experiment.[Methods] The layer-bylayer analysis and final evaluation are established based on the source,which is the content of rare earth elements in rock samples was determined by ICP-MS with open acid solution inductively.[Results]The results showed that the combined relative standard un‐certainties ranged from 0.004 9 to 0.009 1. [Conclusions]The uncertainty of this method mainly comes from the standard solution of the sample, and the contribution value of the standard curve fitting is the largest, which is consistent with the actual test situation in the laboratory.